Explain about client-server and peer-to-peer networking

Explain about client-server and peer-to-peer networking.

ans:-

Lets understand client-server and peer-to-peer networking with the help of following description .

They are types of networking on the basis of architecture:

Peer to peer(P2P):

• In this all the computers are treated equally.
• No one computer is server or client.
• All computers can be said working as client or server.
• Computers have self processing capability and do not rely on others.
• Computers have or can run with normal operating system like, XP, Me etc and application.
• Easy sharing of files and allows us to have chatting.
• failure of one does not mean others are down; networking goes on.
• If heavy load is given, they may not give same performance. etc
• low level security.

Client –server:

• In this, one or two computers work as server and left all work as clients.
• Clients computers give request to server for a task to be performed.
• Clients computers may or may not have self processing capability. they rely on server.
• Mostly servers use a powerful operating system like, Linux or Unix or Win advanced server2008 etc.
• Through server, the sharing of files is done.
• Everything is controlled by server so in the case of down, services can not be completed.
• under heavy load, many servers share the tasks.
• there is high level security in networking.
• High traffic towards servers while processing.

Differentiate between Internet and Intranet.

Differentiate between Internet and Intranet.

ans:-
Differences are given in following paragraph.

Internet:-

1) It contains large number of computers.It is completely open/global.

2) Its access is not limited to particular organization.

3)It has/occupies large area.

4) It is not that much secured as Intranet is.

5) It uses/contains different media and technologies.

6)To access Internet, only password from ISP is needed; no more authentication is needed.

7)It is decentralized system with many hosts..

etc.

Intranet:

1)An intranet is a private computer network that uses Internet Protocol technologies to securely share any part of an organization's information or operational systems within that organization.

2)Its access is limited to an organization.

3)It has  small coverage.

4)It is safe to access personal information.

5)Locals of intranet can access Internet; and Internet requirement is not mandatory for communication.

6) Employees of an organization can access their intranet by using authorized password by using Internet; otherwise not possible.

7)We can say it as a “Centralized controlling system”.

Explain any two communication channel.

Explain any two communication channel.

ans:-Lets know about guided medium.

Coaxial cable, or coax,

• It is an electrical cable with an inner conductor surrounded by a flexible, tubular insulating layer, surrounded by a tubular conducting shield.
• The term coaxial comes from the inner conductor and the outer shield sharing the same geometric axis.
• Coaxial cable is used as a transmission line for radio frequency signals, in applications such as connecting radio transmitters and receivers with their antennas, computer network (Internet) connections, and distributing cable television signals and uses many connectors.
• It is available in two types thin (10base2; means 100 MBPS and upto 200 meter) and thick (10base5 coax;means 10 MBPS, and upto 5oo meter). They are different in diameter and bandwidth. Most of television operators use this. They are obsolete and no longer in use for computer networking

UTP:-

• Unshielded Twisted pair cabling is a type of wiring in which two conductors (the forward and return conductors of a single circuit) are twisted together for the purposes of canceling out electromagnetic interference (EMI) from external sources; for instance, electromagnetic radiation from unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cables, and crosstalk between neighboring pairs. Different pairs(colour) have different function.It has 4-pairs of copper wires.
• UTP cable is also the most common cable used in computer networking. Modern Ethernet, the most common data networking standard, utilizes UTP cables.
• Twisted pair cabling is often used in data networks for short and medium length connections because of its relatively lower costs compared to optical fiber and coaxial cable.
• It has bandwidth up to 100mbps but can be increased up to 10000 mbps.
• The rate at which signal moves is ⅔ of velocity of light.
• It is available in different categories like CAT5,CAT6 ,CAT7 etc.

Explain advantages of networking.

Explain advantages of networking

ans:-

Networking:

A computer network, often simply referred to as a network, is a collection of computers and devices connected by communications channels that facilitates communications among users and allows users to share resources with other users. Networks may be classified according to a wide variety of characteristics.

Purpose of networking:-

• Networking for communication medium (have communication among people;internal or external)
• Resource sharing (files, printers, hard drives, cd-rom/)
• Higher reliability ( to support a computer by another if that computer is down)
• Higher flexibility( different system can be connected without any problems)
• Scalable (computers and devices can be added with time without changing original network.
• provides distributed and centralized management system for enterprise.
• increase productivity.
• cost reduction by sharing one application/hardware etc.

Application of networking in our daily life:

-E-mail (to send or get mails electronically worldwide)

- Scheduling programs and having meetings at same time across world.

- Video conferencing with sound without delay.

-teleconferencing for people.

-Automate banking facility

-to surf Internet facility

-telecommuting to work at home by accessing remote computer

-doing business and marketing

Explain about LAN topologies.

q)Explain about LAN topologies.

ans:-

Topology:

When we go for networking, we connect some computers in particular layout or design. This design or pattern of connection is called topology.

There are many types;

Bus topology:

A linear bus topology consists of a main run of cable with a terminator at each end (See fig. 1). All nodes (file server, workstations, and peripherals) are connected to the linear cable.

Fig. 1. Linear Bus topology

Advantages of a Linear Bus Topology

• Installation is easy and cheap to connect a computer or peripheral to a linear bus.
• Requires less cable length than a star topology.

Disadvantages of a Linear Bus Topology

• Entire network shuts down if there is a break in the main cable.
• Difficult to identify the problem if the entire network shuts down.
• Not meant to be used as a stand-alone solution in a large building.

Star topology:-

• A star topology is designed with each node (file server, workstations, and peripherals) connected directly to a central network hub, switch, or concentrator (See fig. 2).
• Data on a star network passes through the hub, switch, or concentrator before continuing to its destination. The hub, switch, or concentrator manages and controls all functions of the network.
• It also acts as a repeater for the data flow. This configuration is common with twisted pair cable; however, it can also be used with coaxial cable or fiber optic cable.

              Fig. 2. Star topology

Advantages of a Star Topology

• Easy to install and wire.
• No disruptions to the network when connecting or removing devices.
• Easy to detect faults and to remove parts.

Disadvantages of a Star Topology

• Requires more cable length than a linear topology.
• If the hub, switch, or concentrator fails, nodes attached are disabled.

Mesh topology

• The mesh topology incorporates a unique network design in which each computer on the network connects to every other, creating a point-to-point connection between every device on the network. The purpose of the mesh design is to provide a high level of redundancy.
• It needs/uses n(n-1)/2 channels(paths) and n-1 input/ output ports.
• If one network cable fails, the data always has an alternative path to get to its destination. Figure 6 shows the mesh topology.
• As you can see from Figure 6, the wiring for a mesh network can be very complicated.
• It is used mostly in telephone network.This allows computer to balance the load by providing alternative paths. It creates a redundant point-to-point network connection between only specific network devices.

Figure 6. Mesh topology.

Advantages	Disadvantages
Provides redundant paths between devices	Requires more cable than the other LAN topologies.
The network can be expanded without disruption to current users.	more devices needed.

Explain about DBA.(database administrator)

Explain about DBA.

ans:-

A database administrator (DBA) is a person/s who is/are responsible for the environmental aspects/activities related to database. The role of a database administrator has changed according to the technology of database management systems (DBMSs) as well as the needs of the owners of the databases.

                Duties:

1. Installation of new software.

2. Configuration of hardware and software with the system administrator

3. Security administration

4. Data analysis

5. Database design (preliminary

6. Data modeling and optimization

7. Responsible for the administration of existing enterprise databases and the analysis, design, and creation of new databases

Explain about database and DBMS.

Explain about database and DBMS.

ans:-

Database: - Database is a collection of data for one or more multiple uses in very well organized format.

Or

Simply well organized collection of data is database.

One way of classifying databases involves the type of content, for example: bibliographic, full-text, numeric, and image. Databases consist of software-based "containers" that are structured to collect and store information so users can retrieve, add, update or remove such information in an automatic fashion. Database programs are designed for users so that they can add or delete any information needed. The structure of a database is tabular, consisting of rows and columns of information.

Advantages

• Reduced data redundancy
• Improved data security
• Reduced data entry, storage, and retrieval costs
• Facilitated development of new applications program
• improved data integrity (integrity:data should be accurate & accurate; it is done by providing some checks
• multiple users.

  Disadvantages

• Database systems are complex, difficult, and time-consuming to design
• Substantial hardware and software start-up costs
• Initial training required for all programmers and users

Database Management System (DBMS):-It’s a set of computer programs that controls the creation, maintenance, and the use of the database with computer as a platform or of an organization and its end users.

            A DBMS is a system software package that helps the use of integrated collection of data records and files known as databases. It allows different user application programs to easily access the same database. DBMSs may use any of a variety of database models, such as the network model or relational model. In large systems, a DBMS allows users and other software to store and retrieve data in a structured way. Instead of having to write computer programs to extract information, user can ask simple questions in a query language.

             Its roles can be listed as given below.

1. provides an interface to the user as well as to application

2. lets user to create,maintain databases.

3. provides high integrity and security to its data.

4. provides sharing facility to many users.

5. provides relationships between tables.

6. provides access level to different users.

7. maintains integrity,consistency of data etc

Disadvantages:

1.initial setup is expensive

2. training to staffs has to be provided

3.database failures.

4.data conversion( computer file into database file which takes more time)